The Impact of Climate Change

The Impact of Climate Change The Impact of Climate Change Global climate change will bring about shifts in average weather patterns that will influence many aspects of our lives, including the quality of the air we breathe.But the computational problem of understanding how global climate change effects local pollution is huge.Individual weather patterns are difficult to forecast more than a week in advance because it is impossible to measure all of the factors that may influence future trendsa classic example of a chaotic system.An Emissions TrapTypical air pollution episodes occur when warm air masses in the upper atmosphere stagnate over cold ones near the surface, eliminating any significant vertical exchange of mass or momentum.This traps emissions close to the ground and suppresses horizontal wind speed, compounding the buildup of pollutant concentrations. Depending on the temperature and cloud cover (which alters UV radiation), various chemical reactions transform primary emiss ions into the two chief components of photochemical smog ozone and airborne particulate matter (PM). Emissions themselves are relatively constant and day-to-day variability in air pollution is largely caused by variation in weather patterns.Air pollution concentrations change quickly over relatively short spatial scales.For example, western Los Angeles typically experiences much different pollutant concentrations than their neighbors 50 to 100 km downwind to the east. Global climate models usually have spatial resolution of 100 km, making it difficult to resolve changes in local weather patterns that influence air pollution events. Rather than waiting for increasing computational speed to make regional air pollution calculations practical within models, scientists and engineers around the world have chosen to dynamically downscale climate output using standalone regional weather and air pollution models.Their predictions are used as anfangsbuchstabe and boundary conditions for a mes oscale meteorological model that can typically predict weather patterns with 4-5 km resolution. The meteorological model may also include a description of the regional air pollution chemistry or these calculations can be carried out with a standalone reactive chemical transport model developed for air pollution analysis. One of the most consistent results to date is the finding that climate change will encourage higher surface ozone concentrations in some regions of the United States, largely through the effects of temperature on precursor emissions and chemical reaction rates.Impact on Particulate MatterThe effect of climate on PM has proven more challenging to understand than comparable studies for ozone. PM is composed of many different chemical compounds in solid or liquid form across sizes ranging from a few nano-meters to tens of microns (larger particles typically deposit quickly to the ground).Climate change simultaneously affects temperature, humidity, wind speed, cloud cov er, and precipitation which all influence PM formation in different ways.The state-of-the-science predictions for climate effects on PM concentrations have downscaled multiple years of PM concentrations to 10km spatial resolution in the present climate and the future climate with tremendous computational cost.Though the computational burden is already high, much more work remains before we truly understand the impact of the climate on regional PM concentrations. Most studies use a single global climate model. But different models produce different estimates for future climate. Several models, with a variety of regional weather and air quality data, will need to be downscaled to develop a consensus about the effects of future climate on PM concentrations.For instance, the frequency of wildfires in some regions across the world is likely to increase, with dire consequences for nearby air quality. But wildfires themselves are random events that can only be studied in a stochastic sens e over long averaging timesa truly monumental computing challenge that is just barely achievable using todays technology.Luckily, computational power continues to increase at a relatively constant cost every few years. Scientists and engineers with strong fundamental programming skills and cross cutting knowledge of computer science, atmospheric fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and chemistry will have a better understanding of climate-air quality problems in the coming years.Adapted from The Impacts of Global Climate Change on Regional Air Pollution by Michael Kleeman, for ME Today.Air pollution concentrations change quickly over relatively short spatial scales.

Study reveals women are more productive when the temperature is higher

Study reveals women are more productive when the temperature is higherStudy reveals women are more productive when the temperature is higherIf youre familiar with the constant workplace struggle of women complaining its too cold and men complaining its too hot (albeit not every woman and every man), your sekretariat most likely struggles with the battle of the thermostat.But as it turns out, both women and men have a more valid argument than just wanting to be comfortable, according to a study published May 22 by Tom Chang and Agne Kajackaite from the USC Marshall School of Business, Los Angeles, USA, and the WZB Berlin Social Science Center, in Berlin, Germany.Follow Ladders on FlipboardFollow Ladders magazines on Flipboard covering Happiness, Productivity, Job Satisfaction, Neuroscience, and moreThe study indicated that temperature actually has an effect on cognitive performance and productivity, and these effects vary based on gender. Authors wrote that ordinary variations in room temperature can affect cognitive performance significantly and differently for men and women.Women performed better on math and verbal tests when it was hotterChang and Kajakaite had 543 German students take logic, math, and verbal tests in a room that was either cooled or heated to a range of temperatures between 61and 91 degrees Fahrenheit. ansicht students were getting paid based on the number of answers they answered correctly, so you know they were trying their very best.The results showed that female students generally performed better on math and verbal tests when the room was at the warmer end of the spectrum. At higher temperatures, women both attempted to solve andactually succeeded in solving correctly more math and verbal tasks than at lower temperatures.Men perform better on math and verbal tests at lower temperaturesIn contrast to female students, male students performed better on the math and verbal tests when the room was set to a lower temperature. Not only did mal e students submit fewer correct responses when the room was warmer, but actually submitted fewer responses in general.Perhaps the most interesting observation is that the increase in scores in women participants in response to higher temperatures is significantly larger than the decrease in the male students performance. So does this mean that women in the office now have the more valid argument?Room temperature did not impact logic test scoresLogic test scores were not impacted by the temperature of the room for either male or female students, only math and verbal.You might also enjoyNew neuroscience reveals 4 rituals that will make you happyStrangers know your social class in the first seven words you say, study finds10 lessons from Benjamin Franklins daily schedule that will double your productivityThe worst mistakes you can make in an interview, according to 12 CEOs10 habits of mentally strong people

These are the 25 magic resume words that will land you the job Ladders 2018 Resume Guide

These are the 25 magic resume words that will land you the job Ladders 2018 Resume GuideThese are the 25 magic resume words that will land you the job Ladders 2018 Resume GuideGrew, increased, augmented The trick to writing the perfect resume is choosing the perfect resume words. That is, making good verb choices without a thesaurus.The structure for each bullet point on your list of accomplishments is a success verb plus specific numerical data regarding an accomplishment in your field or role. Which means that youre in the market for 25 or so verbs.Need resume advice? Ask Marc Cenedella inThe ClimbFor a limited time, Marc will be taking your questions about the advice he shares in his new best-selling book,Ladders 2018 Resume Guide Best Practices Advice.Join us in The Climb, our career advice support community on Facebook, and ask awayFinding the perfect resume wordsFinding enough different verbs to say I did it in a clever way is often a struggle for professionals writing their resumes. Typical resume advice has focused on making sure that each verb is an active verb, but weve found two problems with this advice.First, most Americans dont work with active vs. passive verbs on a daily basis, so the concept is not entirely relevant to their lives. Was shot out of a cannon, for example, doesnt count.And, second, even the stable of active verbs includes some very bland duds that do nothing to help persuade a future employer.The worst resume action verbsMy least favorite active verb is managed, but there are others equally as tepid such as established, defined, and performed.None of these are very good, even though they are active, because they dont sell your future employer on what you are able to do, or what benefits you are able to bring to their team.After all, white-collar employees by definition establish, manage, define and perform a wide variety of tasks. But were you any good at them? Thats the important fact a hiring manager or recruiter wants to know .Use success verbs for your resume accomplishmentsWhich makes it important that every bullet point in your resume include a success verb, not just an active verb. Success verbs demonstrate success - something got better. Because you were there, something changed, something improved, something progressed.Verbs such as increased, decreased, improved, reduced, are all success verbs. Explicitly forbidden are active verbs and phrases that are nonetheless static managed, my responsibilities included, hired to, was responsible for, and so forth. Verbs that merely tell a fact rather than show you in a heroic light.Look, we live in the United States of America in the 21st century. Of course you were hired for your current job. You obviously didnt inherit it from grandpa or get appointed to the role by the King.And given the nature of the modern organization, if youre a manager, of course youve managed some number of fellow human beings. And of course you were given a budget with which to do something interesting with those human beings in the service of the organizations greater goals.So when you begin a bullet point with empty non-achievements such as I was hired, I managed and I was responsible for, you are squandering the opportunity to showcase the benefits you brought to your boss and your company in your prior role.Related from Ladders6 reasons recruiters say theyll toss your resume in the trashHeres how to supercharge your resume in 38 minutes12 tips for your best resume everThese are the exact words you should use on your resumeRather than leave you wondering what success verbs might be, Im providing you a list of 25 success verbs you can use for the 25 bullets on your resume. Simplest would be to use these, and only these, verbs. Unless you have a good reason to expand your variety, the below success verbs can cover most bullets you can think of. Limiting your choices will save plenty of time and headache while ensuring a higher quality resume.This might seem boring, but unless you are applying to be a thesaurus writer, no one looking at your resume will care how clever your success verbs are. The millions of hours lost each year to professionals like you looking up synonyms for improved is a complete waste of time.Here, then, are all the success verb you should ever needAcceleratedAchievedAddedAwardedChangedContributedDecreasedDeliveredEliminatedExceededExpandedGainedGeneratedGrewImprovedIncreasedIntroducedMaximizedMinimizedOptimizedProducedReducedSavedSoldStreamlinedOf course, its not enough to just have the verb. You need a specific numerical accomplishment, tooThis article is adapted fromLadders 2018 Resume Guide Best Practices Advice from the Leaders in $100K $500K jobs (Ladders, Inc. , 2018). Purchase the Kindle Single for immediate download here.**Disclosure Ladders from time-to-time uses affiliate links. At no additional cost to you, we will receive a commission if you click through and make a purchase.